در فرهنگ رایانه، واسط کاربر عبارت است از تمام مجاری اطلاعاتی (Information Channels) که امکان ارتباط (Communication) بین کاربر و رایانه را فراهم می کنند. یک واسط کاربر ابتدائی، معمولاً از منوها، پنجره ها، صفحه کلید و ماوس تشکیل شده است. به علاوه، صداهایی هم که رایانه آنها را تولید می کند، جزئی از واسط کاربر محسوب می شوند. واسط کاربری یک میانجی بین انسان و ماشین (دستگاه) است که امکان استفاده از ماشین را برای انسان فراهم می کند. واسط کاربری، بخش دیدنی و قابل لمس یک ابزار است که کاربر مستقیماً با آن سر و کار دارد. این اصطلاح را میانای کاربری، میانجی کاربری و رابط کاربری هم ترجمه کرده اند.
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عنوان پایان نامه: Computer Aided Risk Reduction Tool (CARRT) An Inherently Safer Approach
فهرست مطالب این پایان نامه که در قالب فایل pdf و در 168 صفحه تقدیم حضورتان می گردد به شرح زیر است:
INTRODUCTION:
1. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
2. ELEMENTS OF RISK & ITS MANAGEMENT
2.1. Elements of risk
2.2. Layers of protection
2.3. Risk reduction and management strategies
3. INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN
3.1. Definition of an inherently safer process
3.2. History of inherently safer process design
3.3. Inherently safer process design strategies
3.3.1. Minimize
3.3.2. Substitute
3.3.3. Moderate
3.3.4. Simplify
3.4. Inherent safety and the process life cycle
3.5. Inherent safety conflicts
3.6. Resolving inherent safety conflicts
4. A REVIEW OF INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN HAZARD INDICIES
4.1. Introduction to hazard indices
4.2. Hazard indices not specifically developed for inherent safety
4.2.1. Dow indices
4.2.1.1. Dow’s fire and explosion index
4.2.1.2. Dow’s chemical exposure index
4.2.2. Mond index
4.2.3. The instantaneous fractional annual loss (IFAL) index
4.2.4. Hazard identification and ranking (HIRA)
4.2.5. Safety weighted hazard index (SWeHI)
4.3. hazard indices specifically developed for inherent safety
4.3.1. INSIDE project and INSET toolkit
4.3.2. Fuzzy based inherent safety index
4.3.3. Integrated inherent safety index (I2SI)
4.3.4. Graphical method
5. CRITICAL REVIEW OF MAINSTREM INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN HAZARD INDICIES
5.1. Introduction to mainstream indices
5.2. Prototype index of inherent safety (PIIS)
5.3. Inherent safety index (ISI)
5.4. Modified inherent safety index (m-ISI)
6. A NEW INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN INDEX
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Corrosion
6.3. Inventory
6.4. Toxicity
6.5. Flammability
6.6. Explosiveness
6.7. Temperature
6.8. Pressure
6.9. Yield
6.10. Chemical reactivity
6.11. The new inherently safer design index (ISDI)
7. THE COMPUTER TOOL: CARRT
7.1. Computerized inherent safety evaluation
7.2. Computer aided risk reduction tool (CARRT)
8. CASE STUDY
8.1. Acrylonitrile and its production
8.2. Process description
8.3. Computer simulation and CARRT results
9. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
9.1. Conclusions
9.2. Future work
APPENDIX
A. Three significant disasters
A.1. Flixborough, England
A.2. Bhopal, India
A.3. Seveso, Italy
FARSI ABSTRACT
REFERENCES
* ABSTRACT
The
term ‘inherently safer’ implies that the process is safe by its very
nature and not externally constrained to be safe by the use of add-on
systems and devices, hence making it a proactive approach to process
safety. It is very effective in risk reduction if applied at the
beginning stages of design, leading to cost effective and timely
solutions and modifications. In this thesis, after elements of risk and
its management strategies are briefly discussed, Inherently Safer Design
(ISD) - as well as its quantification by indices both developed
non-specifically and specifically for ISD - is elaborated, in order to
rank alternative processes based on their inherent safety adaptability.
Considering the advantages and the shortcomings of ISD quantification
indices in the literature, a new modified ISD index is proposed,
covering ISD aspects of a process at conceptual design stage, which
leads to better ranking in comparison with its predecessor.
Finally,
in order to heuristically validate the new ISD index, the details of
inherently safer analysis at conceptual design stage are illustrated by
comparing three competing processes for acrylonitrile manufacture. These
processes are simulated using a well-known commercial process
simulator, with a program added capable of extracting the necessary data
from the simulation cases to calculate new ISD index value,
incorporating great flexibility and speed in risk reduction through
inherently safer analysis of processes.
* INTRODUCTION:
It
is said that prevention is better than cure; however, process safety
has been traditionally applied as hazard control. This process safety
approach is known as “extrinsic safety” while the process safety
approach based on prevention is known as “inherent safety”.
Inherent
safety is based on principles formalized by Trevor Kletz (1978) thirty
years ago, and although this approach is recognized as the most
effective to reduce the overall hazard level of a chemical process, it
is still believed to be difficult to systematically apply the principles
and analyze their effectiveness for risk reduction (Gupta and Edwards,
2002).
This dissertation establishes a novel conceptual framework for
the quantitative analysis of inherent safety through a new inherently
safer design index that addresses several of the limitations of the
hazard indices available so far for inherent safety analysis.
The
proposed method is computer-based and process simulator-oriented in
order to reduce the time and expertise required for inherent safety
analysis and increase its flexibility. It is shown that by linking the
present approach to a process simulator, process safety engineers can
develop safety analysis during the early stages of project life cycle in
a rapid and systematic way and possibly optimize the process with
safety in mind.
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فهرست مطالب
مقدمه و معرفی
بررسی Group Policy Object Editor
معرفی بخش های Group Policy
نحوه اعمال Policy
بررسی چند دستور مفید
Resultant Set Of Policy - RSOP
4 – 13
Absolue memory image
تصویر حافظه مطلق8 – 7
Absoule loader
بار کننده مطلق3 –22
Abstraction
لایه –مجرد
23 – 4
Access token
نشان دستیابی
23-13
Active
فعال
3-2
Adminstratetors and power vsels
مدیران و کاربران قدرتی
23-45
Aging
سالخوردگی
5-12
A job pool
یک انبار کار
1-5
Aler table
گوش به زنگ
23-10
Alias
منسوب –نامهای اکتسابی
23-12
Alloocate
تخصیص
3-4
Analytic evaluation
ارزیابی تحلیلی
5-22
Ask
درخواست
2-24
Assingment edge
یال تخصیص
7-4
Associative registers
ریجسترهای انجمنی
8-22
Asynchronous
غیر همزمان
2-4
Asynchronous procedure calls (APC)
فراخوانی سیستم غیر همزمان
23-6
Asymmetric
غیر متقارن
5-19
Asymmetric multi processing
چند پردانزده های غیر متقارن
1-4