دانلود پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد شیمی Computer Aided Risk Reduction Tool (CARRT) An Inherently Safer Approach

عنوان پایان نامه: Computer Aided Risk Reduction Tool  (CARRT)  An Inherently Safer Approach

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INTRODUCTION:

1. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

2. ELEMENTS OF RISK & ITS MANAGEMENT
2.1. Elements of risk
2.2. Layers of protection
2.3. Risk reduction and management strategies

3. INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN
3.1. Definition of an inherently safer process
3.2. History of inherently safer process design
3.3. Inherently safer process design strategies
3.3.1.  Minimize
3.3.2. Substitute
3.3.3. Moderate
3.3.4. Simplify
3.4. Inherent safety and the process life cycle
3.5. Inherent safety conflicts
3.6. Resolving inherent safety conflicts

4. A REVIEW OF INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN HAZARD INDICIES
4.1. Introduction to hazard indices
4.2. Hazard indices not specifically developed for inherent safety
4.2.1. Dow indices
4.2.1.1. Dow’s fire and explosion index
4.2.1.2. Dow’s chemical exposure index
4.2.2. Mond index
4.2.3. The instantaneous fractional annual loss (IFAL) index
4.2.4. Hazard identification and ranking (HIRA)
4.2.5. Safety weighted hazard index (SWeHI)
4.3. hazard indices specifically developed for inherent safety
4.3.1. INSIDE project and INSET toolkit
4.3.2. Fuzzy based inherent safety index
4.3.3. Integrated inherent safety index (I2SI)
4.3.4. Graphical method

5. CRITICAL REVIEW OF MAINSTREM INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN HAZARD INDICIES
5.1. Introduction to mainstream indices
5.2. Prototype index of inherent safety (PIIS)
5.3. Inherent safety index (ISI)
5.4. Modified inherent safety index (m-ISI)

6. A NEW INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN INDEX
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Corrosion
6.3. Inventory
6.4. Toxicity
6.5. Flammability
6.6. Explosiveness
6.7. Temperature
6.8. Pressure
6.9. Yield
6.10. Chemical reactivity
6.11. The new inherently safer design index (ISDI)

7. THE COMPUTER TOOL: CARRT
7.1. Computerized inherent safety evaluation
7.2. Computer aided risk reduction tool (CARRT)

8. CASE STUDY
8.1. Acrylonitrile and its production
8.2. Process description
8.3. Computer simulation and CARRT results

9. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
9.1. Conclusions
9.2. Future work

APPENDIX
A. Three significant disasters
A.1. Flixborough, England
A.2. Bhopal, India
A.3. Seveso, Italy

FARSI ABSTRACT

REFERENCES



* ABSTRACT
The term ‘inherently safer’ implies that the process is safe by its very nature and not externally constrained to be safe by the use of add-on systems and devices, hence making it a proactive approach to process safety. It is very effective in risk reduction if applied at the beginning stages of design, leading to cost effective and timely solutions and modifications. In this thesis, after elements of risk and its management strategies are briefly discussed, Inherently Safer Design (ISD) - as well as its quantification by indices both developed non-specifically and specifically for ISD - is elaborated, in order to rank alternative processes based on their inherent safety adaptability. Considering the advantages and the shortcomings of ISD quantification indices in the literature, a new modified ISD index is proposed, covering ISD aspects of a process at conceptual design stage, which leads to better ranking in comparison with its predecessor.
Finally, in order to heuristically validate the new ISD index, the details of inherently safer analysis at conceptual design stage are illustrated by comparing three competing processes for acrylonitrile manufacture. These processes are simulated using a well-known commercial process simulator, with a program added capable of extracting the necessary data from the simulation cases to calculate new ISD index value, incorporating great flexibility and speed in risk reduction through inherently safer analysis of processes.


* INTRODUCTION:
It is said that prevention is better than cure; however, process safety has been traditionally applied as hazard control. This process safety approach is known as “extrinsic safety” while the process safety approach based on prevention is known as “inherent safety”.
Inherent safety is based on principles formalized by Trevor Kletz (1978) thirty years ago, and although this approach is recognized as the most effective to reduce the overall hazard level of a chemical process, it is still believed to be difficult to systematically apply the principles and analyze their effectiveness for risk reduction (Gupta and Edwards, 2002).
This dissertation establishes a novel conceptual framework for the quantitative analysis of inherent safety through a new inherently safer design index that addresses several of the limitations of the hazard indices available so far for inherent safety analysis.
The proposed method is computer-based and process simulator-oriented in order to reduce the time and expertise required for inherent safety analysis and increase its flexibility. It is shown that by linking the present approach to a process simulator, process safety engineers can develop safety analysis during the early stages of project life cycle in a rapid and systematic way and possibly optimize the process with safety in mind.

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